One disease that is the result of an enzyme malfunction is phenylketonuria. In this disease, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the degradation of the amino acid phenylalanine is not functional Figure 5. Untreated, this can lead to an accumulation of phenylalanine, which can lead to intellectual disabilities. Kevlar Figure 6 is a synthetic polymer made from two monomers 1,4-phenylene-diamine and terephthaloyl chloride Kevlar is a registered trademark of DuPont.
Kevlar is typically spun into ropes or fibers. The material has a high tensile strength-to-weight ratio it is about 5 times stronger than an equal weight of steel , making it useful for many applications from bicycle tires to sails to body armor. The material owes much of its strength to hydrogen bonds between polymer chains refer back to the chapter on intermolecular interactions. There is additional strength derived from the interaction between the unhybridized p orbitals in the six-membered rings, called aromatic stacking.
Kevlar may be best known as a component of body armor, combat helmets, and face masks. Kevlar is also used to protect armored fighting vehicles and aircraft carriers.
Civilian applications include protective gear for emergency service personnel such as body armor for police officers and heat-resistant clothing for fire fighters. Kevlar based clothing is considerably lighter and thinner than equivalent gear made from other materials Figure 8.
In addition to its better-known uses, Kevlar is also often used in cryogenics for its very low thermal conductivity along with its high strength.
The table here summarizes the structures discussed in this chapter:. The addition of nitrogen into an organic framework leads to two families of molecules. Compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded in a hydrocarbon framework are classified as amines.
Compounds that have a nitrogen atom bonded to one side of a carbonyl group are classified as amides. Amines are a basic functional group. Amines and carboxylic acids can combine in a condensation reaction to form amides. Trimethyl amine: trigonal pyramidal, sp 3 ; trimethyl ammonium ion: tetrahedral, sp 3. Skip to content Chapter Organic Chemistry.
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to:. Describe the structure and properties of an amine Describe the structure and properties of an amide. DNA in Forensics and Paternity The genetic material for all living things is a polymer of four different molecules, which are themselves a combination of three subunits.
Figure 2. DNA is an organic molecule and the genetic material for all living organisms. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base a double-ring molecule, in this case , a five-carbon sugar deoxyribose , and a phosphate group. Addictive Alkaloids Since ancient times, plants have been used for medicinal purposes. Proteins and Enzymes Proteins are large biological molecules made up of long chains of smaller molecules called amino acids.
The material owes much of its strength to hydrogen bonds between polymer chains refer back to the chapter on intermolecular interactions. There is additional strength derived from the interaction between the unhybridized p orbitals in the six-membered rings, called aromatic stacking. Kevlar may be best known as a component of body armor, combat helmets, and face masks.
Kevlar is also used to protect armored fighting vehicles and aircraft carriers. Civilian applications include protective gear for emergency service personnel such as body armor for police officers and heat-resistant clothing for fire fighters. Kevlar based clothing is considerably lighter and thinner than equivalent gear made from other materials [link]. In addition to its better-known uses, Kevlar is also often used in cryogenics for its very low thermal conductivity along with its high strength.
The addition of nitrogen into an organic framework leads to two families of molecules. Compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded in a hydrocarbon framework are classified as amines. Compounds that have a nitrogen atom bonded to one side of a carbonyl group are classified as amides. Amines are a basic functional group.
Amines and carboxylic acids can combine in a condensation reaction to form amides. Write the Lewis structures of both isomers with the formula C 2 H 7 N.
What is the hybridization of the nitrogen atom in trimethyl amine and in the trimethyl ammonium ion? Trimethyl amine: trigonal pyramidal, sp 3 ; trimethyl ammonium ion: tetrahedral, sp 3. What are the geometries and hybridizations about the nitrogen atoms in pyridine and in the pyridinium ion? Write two complete balanced equations for the following reaction, one using condensed formulas and one using Lewis structures.
Write two complete, balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed formulas and one using Lewis structures. Identify any carbon atoms that change hybridization and the change in hybridization during the reactions in [link]. Skip to content Organic Chemistry.
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the structure and properties of an amine Describe the structure and properties of an amide. The illustration shows one of the resonance structures of pyridine. DNA in Forensics and Paternity. DNA is an organic molecule and the genetic material for all living organisms. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base a double-ring molecule, in this case , a five-carbon sugar deoxyribose , and a phosphate group.
Addictive Alkaloids. Poppies can be used in the production of opium, a plant latex that contains morphine from which other opiates, such as heroin, can be synthesized. Proteins and Enzymes. Aliphatic amines have linear or branched alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom directly.
Aromatic amines have nitrogen atom directly connected to an aromatic ring structure. Primary and secondary amines have H atoms bonded directly to the nitrogen atom. Therefore, primary and secondary amines are capable of having hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary amines have no H atoms to make hydrogen bonds. But all amine types can have intermolecular hydrogen bonds with water H 2 O due to the presence of a lone electron pair on the nitrogen atom. Therefore, amines with a low molecular weight can be dissolved in water. As same as ammonia, amines also act as bases. The reasons for basicity includes the presence of a lone pair on the nitrogen atom, the presence of alkyl groups alkyl groups enhance basicity of compounds by donating electrons to the nitrogen atom , etc.
Amides are organic compounds having a carbonyl group attached to the nitrogen atom directly. As mentioned, amide is a term that you often hear in your Chemistry lectures. When you deprotonate NH3, commonly known as ammonia, you also get an amide. Amides can also be derived from acids, such as carboxylic, where the hydroxyl group of the acid has been swapped with ammonia.
Another example can be shown in acetic acid, where the resultant product is acetamide. The reaction and separation of ions turned the acid into an amide. Hence, in naming these compounds, you are just going to add amide as a suffix to the parent acid.
Acetic plus amide gives you acetamide; not to mention, you need to drop off some letters from the parent acid to make it sound more formal. The chemical property of amides is also key to its characteristic. It is actually a weak base. On the other side of the coin, amines are still organic compounds.
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