That means the phrase is restrictive and you should not use commas with it. Rob tripped over his shoes, which he had left lying in the middle of the floor.
We heard three speeches, the longest of, which went for an hour. We heard three speeches, the longest of which went for an hour.
The envelope in, which the letter arrived had no return address. The envelope in which the letter arrived had no return address. The platform on, which we built our program is very stable. The platform on which we built our program is very stable. You can fly to Bombay via Moscow, via Athens or via Cairo. Note that in all these examples the commas could be replaced by the word and or or , though the result would be rather clumsy: The Three Musketeers were Athos and Porthos and Aramis.
Hungarian is spoken in Hungary and in western Rumania and in northern Serbia and in parts of Austria and Slovakia. You can fly to Bombay via Moscow or via Athens or via Cairo. Remember, you must not join two complete sentences with a comma, but three or more complete sentences may be joined with listing commas plus and or or. Note also that it is not usual in British usage to put a listing comma before the word and or or itself though American usage regularly puts one there.
This is reasonable, since the listing comma is a substitute for the word and , not an addition to it. However, you should put a comma in this position if doing so would make your meaning clearer: My favourite opera composers are Verdi, Puccini, Mozart, and Gilbert and Sullivan. Here the comma before and shows clearly that Gilbert and Sullivan worked together.
Here, the reader might possibly take Mozart and Gilbert as the pair who worked together. All or every? All or whole? Allow , permit or let? Almost or nearly? Alone , lonely , or lonesome? Along or alongside? Already , still or yet? Also , as well or too? Alternate ly , alternative ly Although or though? Altogether or all together? Amount of , number of or quantity of? Any more or anymore? Anyone , anybody or anything? Apart from or except for? Arise or rise?
Around or round? Arouse or rouse? As or like? As , when or while? Been or gone? Begin or start? Beside or besides? Between or among?
Born or borne? Bring , take and fetch Can , could or may? Classic or classical? Come or go? Consider or regard? Consist , comprise or compose? Content or contents? Different from , different to or different than? Do or make? Down , downwards or downward? During or for? Each or every? East or eastern ; north or northern? Economic or economical? Efficient or effective? Elder , eldest or older , oldest? End or finish? Especially or specially? Except or except for? Expect , hope or wait?
Experience or experiment? Fall or fall down? Far or a long way? Farther , farthest or further , furthest? Fast , quick or quickly? Fell or felt? Female or feminine ; male or masculine? Finally , at last , lastly or in the end? First , firstly or at first? Fit or suit? Following or the following? For or since? Forget or leave? Full or filled? Fun or funny? Get or go? Grateful or thankful? Hear or listen to? High or tall? Historic or historical? House or home? How is …?
If or when? If or whether? Ill or sick?
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